- Rio de Janerio
- Sao Paulo
- Mumbai
- Bloxham
- Notting Hill
- Calcutta
- Manchester
A really good website for the case study of urbanisation of Rio de Janerio is:
http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/chad/titlepag.htm
Please click on the link for more more information! (If you don't ... it's only yourself you're cheating, it will really benefit you! - Trust me I'm a student THINKING LIKE A GEOGRAPHER)
Sao Paulo - Urbanisation
Sao Paulo is the largest city in the Southern Hemisphere
In 2008 the population was 19million (population density of 21,00 people per km2)
Sao Paulo initially grew as an agriculture city and now it is a major industrial centre
It has a temperate climate
An estimated 25% of all Brazils vehicles circulate in Sao Paulo
It has the highest unemployment rate in the country with a huge divide between rich and poor
Three different housing types dominate:
- Condominiums: Luxury housing blocks for the wealthy protected by security gates and high walls
- Corticos: Inner-city rented accomodation, many consist of blocks of one room dwellings where up to 4 people live
- Favelas: Informal settlements made of small, poorly built dwellings
Basic favelas are densly packed and informal, made of wood, corrugated iron and makeshift materials. They have very poor services with little running water, rubbish collection or mains drainage. They often have open sewers with limited electricity or education opportunities or health facilities. Many of the residents are unemployed
Recently there have been some large-scale improvement schemes in favelas due to:
- Residents expecting to remain where they are
- Changes in public policies, from slum removal to slum upgrading
Since 2000 greater investment in such projects has been made. In Santo André (an area of the city) an Integrated Programme of Social Inclusion to alleviate poverty by providing community health care-workers and literacy programmes.
Cooperation between authorities and locals is essential for the best services.
Mumbai
Mumbai is a megacity with a population of 16million. Half of those 16million live in slums.
Dharavi is the biggest slum in India (174 Ha) with 1million people per square mile living in overcrowded, poor conditions, paying as little as £2.20 per month. Having said this there is a strong sense of community feel with safe neighbourhoods and n 85% employment rate.
Mumbai is situated on the West Coast of India with average temperatures ranging from 28 degrees in January to 33 degrees in May and a high annual rainfall of 1811mm from July to September. It is said to be the largest commercial and industrial centre but it does hold a lot of disease, pollution and overcrowding. Mumbai is also the financial capital of India but the contrast between rich and poor is unimaginable.
The Dharavi Recycling Scheme
Dharavi has no proper toilet facilities with open sewers, flies, diseas and it stinks!
In England 23% of plastics get recycled, in Mumbai 80% of plastics get recycled...all in Dharavi!
- Over 1million rubbish bags are collected per day from Mumbai
- Over 35,000 people sort the rubbish (rag pickers) to earn money (recyling is a job)
- The workers earn £1 a day, they use bare hands and some in bare feet
- The unimaginable is recycled, for example, drinking straws
- Some of the recycling jobs are very dangerous
The slum is seem as an eye sore which the state government wants to get rid of to turn it into a green area of Mumbai. A major consortium has made a $2 billion bid to demolish the slum and replace it with modern amenities (the locals have other ideas!)
The heart of Dharavi is a bustling business district that generate up to $39 million a year
Bloxham - Counterurbanisation
In 1880 Bloxham was a farming village with big farm buildings and yards (for example, Park Close) which the farmers lived in, the farm labourers lived in small terraced houses (which are still evident today). Although farming was the main industry there would have been a few shop owners and a blacksmiths, but Bloxham was not particlary prosperous.
Farm labourers began to look for other jobs due to machinery taking over and some houses were either derelict or demolished. Evidence of the 'old' Bloxham today is the Hornton Stone the buildings are made of.
Strawberry Terrace was Victorian houses from the 70's but it included a 1930's Ribbon Development
In 1950 80% of the population were farm labourersand no women would work with an aged population.
Modern Bloxham
Bloxham has lost its farming purpose, from the 1950's + its purpose was to produce foods.
NOW COUNTERURBANISATION is taking/has taken place. There are more peripheral housing estates and infill, with many of the old farm houses being converted into houses in the middle fo the village.
Although the population density toda has decreased, the population has stayed roughly the same due to small family numbers.
Bloxham has gone from being s Net-Loser to a Net-Receiver (urbanisation to counterurbanisation) an growth is still continuing today!
Today all the farms and farm labourers of Bloxham have gone! Today there are people who commute to Bnabury, Oxford, Warwick, London, Birmingham etc. or they work from home! - Note today women work and there are many young families in Bloxham.
*PLEASE SEE CLOKE'S MODEL OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS* (This can be found on the main syllabus)
Notting Hill - Gentrification
Notting Hill is now a bustling urban area but it used to be a country hamlet.
Later industrialisation brought workers from the countryside. In Victorian times , Notting Hill was a rough, working class area with inner-city deprivation. It was even the scene of race riots in 1958 due to the newly arrived afro-caribbean community.
Today:
- Gentrification causing house prices to soar with communal gardens so a desirable area for families
- Movie stars and other celebrities have moved into the area (publicity from the film Notting Hill)
- The area posesses a number of fashionable places to eat and a famous carnival on August bank holiday
Calcutta lies in the Ganges delta, in the centre is and overcrowded rural population.
The delta causes the soil to be fertile but it suffers from natural disasters such as monsoons which cause flooding.
Issues
Calcutta is on low-lying land (squatter settlements flood easily = homelessness)
Crops get destroyed when the land floods and water brings in diseases
Solutions
Calcutta Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) has tried to improve infrastructure bu:
- Reinforcing river banks and attempting to stop people squatting on low-lying land
- Improving sewage disposal
- Improving the water supply
- Replacing mud tracks with concrete roads
- Installing street lighting to improve safety
- Widen roads and imroving public transport into the city centre
Central Manchester Development Corporation (CMDC)
- Partnership between the local autority and private developers
- Aims to regenerate 200 ha of land and buildings in South Manchester City Centre (it contains decaying buildings and was declared a conservation area in 1979)
- Some buildings were refurbished (including housing), Canals were cleaned, Improvement in the aesthetics of the area
- Now it is a popular entertainment area for young people
- CMDC engaged in widespread consultation and formulated a development strategy which complemented the plans of Manchester City Council
- The area developed its tourist potential and now attracts over 2 million visitors a year
Hulme City Challenge Partnership
The area had a low level of families with children, a disproportionate number of single-person households and a high number of single parents
Redevelopment
1992, plans were drawn up to build:
- 3,000 new homes (streets, squares, 2-storey houses, low-rise flats)
- New shopping areas (totally refurbished, including addition of ASDA)
- Roads and Community facilities (Creche and other social provisions)
Changing the reputation of Hulme has been a long process but has been achieved!
A green area, Birley Fields, has been partly developed into office blocks and urban parkland. A symbol of the regeneration is the Hulme Arch:
A number or agencies and organisations were responsble for the transformation which worked in close collaboration with Manchester City Council, this is a good example of how the public and private sectors can work together to improve a challenging area!
The Trafford Centre
- Opened in 1998
- Concerns about the effect it would have on the CBD
- Designed to be more than just a shopping centre (1,600-seat food court, 18-lane bowling alley, Laser Quest, 20-screen cinema)
- Good motorway links
- 11,000 free car-parking spaces
- Bus station with a capacity to deal with 120 buses per hour
- Disabled facilities
- Weather-proof, air-conditioned and safe environment
- Security system
- Full range of services
- Heavy build-ups of traffic on the access road network
- Artificial atmosphere within the complex
- All outlets are those of chain stores
- Public transport services to the centre are restricted
- Difficult for poorer people to gain access to the centre
- Opened in 1992
- 18 stations on the conventional rail network and 6 street-level stations in the city centre
- Operates at 5 minute intervals at peak periods and 12-15minutes during less busy periods
- Inevitable problems of disruption during construction of the tracks but long-term benefits are now becoming apparent
- 19 million journeys every year
M42
- Runs through the greenbelt (it is on the edge of B'ham and has open fields with businesses, air ports, golf courses)
- The road has Active Traffic Management so as the road gets busy the speed limit can decrease or the hard shoulder can come into use as a 4th lane
- Ethnicity is prominent - Mosques (new meaning recent immigrants), Church of England and Methodist Church
- On Soho Road there was a pub called 'The Gateway to India'
- Housing: Vicotrian middle class but now mutiple occupancy due to too many being built, 20 years ago housing would have been damp, rats, roofs in a state, inimal electricity or plumbing
- Today, due to governenment action, improvements have been made, some of the houses are privately owned and rented others were brought by local councils and done up. They are cheap and in poor condition still which attracts immigrants and causes social and ethnic tensions
- Some Improvement: artificial slate roofs, re-pointed chimneys, double glazing
- Alley ways between the houses are still evident today, they would have been used for workmen to use.
- Cheap, run down shops
- World Food goods
- Fast Food
- Ethnic dress shops
- Buskers
- Punjab National Bank
- Mosques
- Birmingham was just a village centre around the Bull Rung of todayCoal was turned into iron (today into iron) from the Black Country
- 1775 local entrepreneurs funded the canal from Birmingham to the Black Country (Brindley was the engineer) and it formed the centre of England
- The Black Country made bulky goods from the iron, for example, jewellery and guns. This effected the old industries which have gone bust or relocation = lack of employment
- Visual Pollution
- Tower Blocks (15 storeys high) - built cheap and fast, unsafe structurally, expensive to heat, damp, nightmare to live in
- Close to the Birmingham Canal Navigation and CBD
- Low Class back to back housinf in 1800s
- Shocking living conditions in the 1850s so 1876 B;ham passes By-Laws so any future building would have to be of a better/certain standard and the back to back houses were demolised
- Today there si more open space with better provision
- There have been social changes (less ethnicity)
- No gardens, road parking, close together (high density allocated land)
- 50 years ago it was the working industry of industrial iron it was undrused but not disused
- 20 years ago it was slum cleared
- Compared to LadyWood it is a more extensive industrial zone with no government funding for the redevelopment
- There are FLAGSHIP PROJECTS whereby environmental quality is important by reclaiming derelict land and making it more attractive
- Potential thriving industrial land
- 1900 car factories developed (Dunlop for tyres)
- SALTS: colostomy bags, plasters and other medical products
- Economic development
- Total reliance on cars to get there
- Derelict Site being reclaimed
- Wide, generous, vegetation
- Factories disappearing for regeneration (fast)
- Used to be home to 30 or more tower blocks
- Now it is a more successful suburd
- Lots of unemployment and social problems (in 1970s it was classed as BAD news!)
- Now it has turned around due to Housing Action
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